Aging and End Stage Renal Disease Cause A Decrease in Absolute Circulating Lymphocyte Counts with A Shift to A Memory Profile and Diverge in Treg Population.

There is a growing number of elderly kidney transplant (Ktx) recipients. Elderly recipients present lower acute rejection rates but higher incidence of infection and malignancies. Aging per se seems to result in a shift to memory profile and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in premature immunological aging. Understanding aging and CKD effects on the immune system can improve elderly Ktx immunosuppression. We analyzed the effects of aging and CKD in the immune system, comparing healthy adults (HAd) (n=14, 26±2y), healthy elderly (HEld) (n=15, 79±7y), end stage renal disease (ESRD) adults (EnAd) (n=18, 36±7y) and ESRD elderly (EnEld) (n=31, 65±3y) prior to Ktx regarding their naïve, memory and regulatory T and B peripheral lymphocytes. Aging and ESRD presented additive effect decreasing absolute numbers of B and T-lymphocytes, affecting memory, naive and regulatory subsets without synergic effect. Both resulted in higher percentages of T memory subsets and opposing effects on regulatory T (TREG) subsets, higher percentage in aging and lower in ESRD. Combined effect of aging and ESRD also resulted in higher regulatory B cell percentages. In addition to global lymphopenia and TCD4+ memory shift in both aging and ESRD, aging shifts to an immunoregulatory profile, inducing a increase in TREG percentages, contrasting with ESRD that decreases TREGs. Differential immunosuppression regimens for elderly Ktx may be required. (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NTC01631058).

Chikungunya in kidney transplant recipients: A series of cases.

Chikungunya (CHIK) is a mosquito-borne virus (CHIKV) infection that recently appeared in the Americas and thousands of confirmed cases have been reported in Brazil since the first autochthonous cases were reported in September 2014. We reported four cases of CHIK in kidney transplant recipients. The diagnosis was confirmed by positive CHIKV real-time polymerase chain reaction in two cases and positive CHIKV-IgM serology in two patients. The time between transplantation and CHIKV infection ranged from 2 to 11 years. All of them had arthralgia, and 3 of them had fever. Other symptoms were mild conjunctivitis, rash, and retro-orbital pain. Kidney function remained stable in all cases. In three patients prednisone doses were temporally increased and the symptoms disappeared concurrently with the increase of the dose. As for the fourth patient, the prednisone dose remained unchanged and yet she improved. Other immunosuppressive drugs were not changed for the four cases. As far as we know, there are only two previously reported cases of CHIK among solid organ transplant recipients besides the four cases reported here. Despite the small number of cases, we can speculate that the use of immunosuppression might have played a role in the paucity of symptoms and the gradual complete recovery with no complication.

Severe type 1 upgrading leprosy reaction in a renal transplant recipient: a paradoxical manifestation associated with deficiency of antigen-specific regulatory T-cells?

BACKGROUND: Due to its chronic subclinical course and large spectrum of manifestations, leprosy often represents a diagnostic challenge. Even with proper anti-mycobacteria treatment, leprosy follow up remains challenging: almost half of leprosy patients may develop reaction episodes. Leprosy is an infrequent complication of solid organ transplant recipients. This case report illustrates the challenges in diagnosing and managing leprosy and its reactional states in a transplant recipient. CASE PRESENTATION: A 53-year-old man presented 34 months after a successful renal transplantation a borderline-tuberculoid leprosy with signs of mild type 1 upgrading reaction (T1R). Cutaneous manifestations were atypical, and diagnosis was only made when granulomatous neuritis was found in a cutaneous biopsy. He was successfully treated with the WHO recommended multidrug therapy (MDT: rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine). However he developed a severe T1R immediately after completion of the MDT but no signs of allograft rejection. T1R results from flare-ups of the host T-helper-1 cell-mediated immune response against Mycobacterium leprae antigens in patients with immunologically unstable, borderline forms of leprosy and has been considered an inflammatory syndrome in many aspects similar to the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (IRS). The T1R was successfully treated by increasing the prednisone dose without modifying the other immunosuppressive drugs used for preventing allograft rejection. Immunological study revealed that the patient had a profound depletion of both in situ and circulating regulatory T-cells and lack of expansion of the Tregs upon M. leprae stimulation compared to T1R leprosy patients without iatrogenic immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: Our case report highlights that leprosy, especially in the transplant setting, requires a high degree of clinical suspicion and the contribution of histopathology. It also suggests that the development of upgrading inflammatory syndromes such as T1R can occur despite the sustained immunosuppressors regimen for preventing graft rejection. Our hypothesis is that the well-known deleterious effects of these immunosuppressors on pathogen-induced regulatory T-cells contributed to the immunedysregulation and development T1R.

Longitudinal Pharmacokinetics of Everolimus When Combined With Low-level of Tacrolimus in Elderly Renal Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Although the proportion of elderly patients among renal transplant recipients has increased, pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of immunosuppressants rarely include older patients. METHODS: We studied 12-hour everolimus (EVL) PK in 16 elderly renal transplant recipients (all whites; 10 men; mean age, 64 ± 2 years (61-71 years), in 4 separate timepoints (at 7, 30, 60, and 150 days) after EVL introduction, corresponding to a mean postrenal transplantation day: PK1 (43 ± 4 days), PK2 (65 ± 7 days), PK3 (106 ± 17 days), and PK4 (206 ± 40 days). Patients received EVL (target trough level (Ctrough, 3-8 ng/mL), prednisone, and tacrolimus (TCL) (target Ctrough, 2-5 ng/mL). RESULTS: Mean TCL-Ctrough was 7.2 ± 3.8, 4.9 ± 2.2, 4.9 ± 2.2, and 4.5 ± 1.2 ng/mL at PK1, PK2, PK3, and PK4, respectively. There were no differences among timepoints for mean EVL daily dose (data shown as PK3) (3.5 ± 1.3 mg/d), Ctrough (4.7 ± 2.5 ng/mL), AUC0-12h (106 ± 51 ng/h per mL), Caverage (8.8 ± 4.2 ng/mL), Cmax (19.2 ± 9.7 ng/mL), apparent Half-life (11.7 ± 4.2 hours), estimated total body clearance (0.39 ± 0.27 L/h), or fluctuation (166 ± 65%). Also, none of those PK parameters differed statistically when adjusted for body weight. EVL-Ctrough showed a very high correlation (r = 0.849) with AUC0-12h. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that elderly renal transplant recipients starting EVL 1 month after transplantation along with a steady-state TCL level, present stable EVL-PK parameters without significant changes in dose or exposure during the first 6 months after renal transplantation.

Randomized Trial of Machine Perfusion Versus Cold Storage in Recipients of Deceased Donor Kidney Transplants With High Incidence of Delayed Graft Function

BACKGROUND: This study compared the use of static cold storage versus continuous hypothermic machine perfusion in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients at high risk for delayed graft function (DGF). METHODS: In this national, multicenter, and controlled trial, 80 pairs of kidneys recovered from brain-dead deceased donors were randomized to cold storage or machine perfusion, transplanted, and followed up for 12 months. The primary endpoint was the incidence of DGF. Secondary endpoints included the duration of DGF, hospital stay, primary nonfunction, estimated glomerular filtration rate, acute rejection, and allograft and patient survivals. RESULTS: Mean cold ischemia time was high but not different between the 2 groups (25.6 ± 6.6 hours vs 25.05 ± 6.3 hours, 0.937). The incidence of DGF was lower in the machine perfusion compared with cold storage group (61% vs. 45%, P = 0.031). Machine perfusion was independently associated with a reduced risk of DGF (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.95). Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate tended to be higher at day 28 (40.6 ± 19.9 mL/min per 1.73 m2 vs 49.0 ± 26.9 mL/min per 1.73 m2; P = 0.262) and 1 year (48.3 ± 19.8 mL/min per 1.73 m2 vs 54.4 ± 28.6 mL/min per 1.73 m2; P = 0.201) in the machine perfusion group. No differences in the incidence of acute rejection, primary nonfunction (0% vs 2.5%), graft loss (7.5% vs 10%), or death (8.8% vs 6.3%) were observed...

Evaluation of MDRD4, CKD-EPI, BIS-1, and modified Cockcroft-Gault equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in the elderly renal-transplanted recipients.

Equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were developed in patients using the variables age, body weight, and serum creatinine, which may be different in the elderly. Elderly renal transplant patients (EG; n=70; mean age 65 ± 4 y) who measured plasma 51 Cr-EDTA-Clearance (mGFR) had mGFR compared to eGFR obtained by the Cockcroft-Gault corrected by body surface area (CG-BSA), the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD-4), the Berlin Initiative Study (BIS-1), and the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI). Results were validated using a cohort of 43, of the 70 elderly recipients, who performed a second 51 Cr-EDTA-Clearance. Mean mGFR was 47 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m2 and statistically lower than eGFR by MDRD (52 ± 19, P=.001) and BIS-1 (51 ± 13, P=.007) but not different from the CG-BSA (47 ± 15) and CKD-EPI (49 ± 18). The CKD-EPI and CG-BSA presented the lowest bias but only CKD-EPI also showed the highest 30% and 10% accuracy. The same findings were repeated in the validation set. For a cohort of elderly recipients ≥65 years (n=35, 68 ± 3y), the CKD-EPI performed better with the lowest bias (0 ± 12 mL/min/1.73 m2 ) and best 30% and 10% accuracy. The CKD-EPI equation is a valuable tool to monitor GFR in the elderly RTx recipients.

[Vasculopathy in the kidney allograft at time of transplantation delays recovery of graft function after deceased-donor kidney transplantation]. / Alteracoes vasculares em rins de doadores falecidos retardam a recuperacao da funcao do enxerto apos o transplante renal.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of donor and recipient characteristics on duration of delayed graft function (DGF) and 1-year serum creatinine (SCr), as a surrogate endpoint for allograft survival. METHODS: We reviewed 120 first cadaver kidney transplants carried out consecutively at our center to examine the effect on 1-year SCr of the presence and duration of DGF. RESULTS: DGF rate was 68%, with a median duration of 12 days (range, 1-61). Forty-four (38%) patients presented DGF lasting 12 or more days (prolonged DGF group). Mean donor age was 43 ± 13 years, 37% had hypertension and in 59% the cause of brain death was cardiovascular accident. The mean cold ischemia time was 23 ± 5 hours. Twenty-seven (23%) donors were classified as expanded-criteria donors according to OPTN criteria. The mean recipient age was 51 ± 15 years. The recipients median time in dialysis was 43 months (range, 1-269) and 25% of them had panel reactive antibodies > 0%. Patients with prolonged DGF presented higher 1-year SCr in comparison with patients without DGF (1.7 vs. 1.3 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.03). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the only significant factor contributing to the occurrence of prolonged DGF was the presence of vascular lesions in the kidney allograft at time of transplantation (HR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2-10.2; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The presence of vasculopathy in the kidney allograft at time of transplantation was identified as an important factor independently associated with prolonged DGF. Prolonged DGF negatively impacts 1-year graft function.

Alteracoes vasculares em rins de doadores falecidos retardam a recuperacao da funcao do enxerto apos o transplante renal / Vasculopathy in the kidney allograft at time of transplantation delays recovery of graft function after deceased-donor kidney transplantation

Objetivo: Analisar as características do doador de múltiplos órgãos, incidência e duração da função retardada do enxerto (FRE), e seu impacto na função renal no primeiro ano após o transplante. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, unicêntrico, observacional, analisando os transplantes renais com doador falecido realizados em 2010 no nosso serviço. Resultados: A taxa de FRE foi de 68%, com mediana de duração de 12 dias (variação, 1-61 dias). Quarenta e quatro (38%) pacientes apresentaram FRE com 12 ou mais dias de duração (FRE prolongada). A idade média dos doadores foi de 43 ± 13 anos e 37% deles eram hipertensos. Em 59% dos doadores, a causa da morte foi acidente cerebrovascular, e o tempo de isquemia fria (TIF) médio foi de 23 ± 5 horas. Os receptores tinham idade média de 51 ± 15 anos, tempo em diálise de 43 meses (variação, 1-269) e 25% eram sensibilizados (PRA > 0%). No modelo de regressão logística multivariada, a presença de vasculopatia na biópsia de captação foi o único fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de FRE prolongada [OR 3,6 IC 95% (1,2-10,2), p = 0,02]. Os pacientes com FRE prolongada apresentaram pior função renal 1 ano após o transplante em comparação com os pacientes sem FRE (SCr 1,7 vs. 1,3 mg/dL, respectivamente, p = 0,03). Conclusão: A presença de vasculopatia na biópsia de captação foi identificada como fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de FRE prolongada. A FRE prolongada foi associada com pior função renal no 1º ano após o transplante. .

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of donor and recipient characteristics on duration of delayed graft function (DGF) and 1-year serum creatinine (SCr), as a surrogate endpoint for allograft survival. Methods: We reviewed 120 first cadaver kidney transplants carried out consecutively at our center to examine the effect on 1-year SCr of the presence and duration of DGF. Results: DGF rate was 68%, with a median duration of 12 days (range, 1-61). Forty-four (38%) patients presented DGF lasting 12 or more days (prolonged DGF group). Mean donor age was 43 ± 13 years, 37% had hypertension and in 59% the cause of brain death was cardiovascular accident. The mean cold ischemia time was 23 ± 5 hours. Twenty-seven (23%) donors were classified as expanded-criteria donors according to OPTN criteria. The mean recipient age was 51 ± 15 years. The recipients median time in dialysis was 43 months (range, 1-269) and 25% of them had panel reactive antibodies > 0%. Patients with prolonged DGF presented higher 1-year SCr in comparison with patients without DGF (1.7 vs. 1.3 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.03). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the only significant factor contributing to the occurrence of prolonged DGF was the presence of vascular lesions in the kidney allograft at time of transplantation (HR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2-10.2; p = 0.02). Conclusion: The presence of vasculopathy in the kidney allograft at time of transplantation was identified as an important factor independently associated with prolonged DGF. Prolonged DGF negatively impacts 1-year graft function. .

Protective response in renal transplantation: no clinical or molecular differences between open and laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged warm ischemia time and increased intra-abdominal pressure caused by pneumoperitoneum during a laparoscopic donor nephrectomy could enhance renal ischemia reperfusion injury. For this reason, laparoscopic donor nephrectomy may be associated with a slower graft function recovery. However, an adequate protective response may balance the ischemia reperfusion damage. This study investigated whether laparoscopic donor nephrectomy modified the protective response of renal tissue during kidney transplantation. METHODS: Patients undergoing live renal transplantation were prospectively analyzed and divided into two groups based on the donor nephrectomy approach used: 1) the control group, recipients of open donor nephrectomy (n = 29), and 2) the study group, recipients of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (n = 26). Graft biopsies were obtained at two time points: T-1 = after warm ischemia time and T+1 = 45 minutes after kidney reperfusion. The samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the Bcl-2 and HO-1 proteins and by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, HO-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. RESULTS: The area under the curve for creatinine and delayed graft function were similar in both the laparoscopic and open groups. There was no difference in the protective gene expression between the laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and open donor nephrectomy groups. The protein expression of HO-1 and Bcl-2 were similar between the open and laparoscopic groups. Furthermore, the gene expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 correlated with the warm ischemia time in the open group (p = 0.047) and that of vascular endothelial growth factor with the area under the curve for creatinine in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The postoperative renal function and protective factor expression were similar between laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and open donor nephrectomy. These findings ensure laparoscopic donor nephrectomy utilization in renal transplantation.

Protective response in renal transplantation: no clinical or molecular differences between open and laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged warm ischemia time and increased intra-abdominal pressure caused by pneumoperitoneum during a laparoscopic donor nephrectomy could enhance renal ischemia reperfusion injury. For this reason, laparoscopic donor nephrectomy may be associated with a slower graft function recovery. However, an adequate protective response may balance the ischemia reperfusion damage. This study investigated whether laparoscopic donor nephrectomy modified the protective response of renal tissue during kidney transplantation. METHODS: Patients undergoing live renal transplantation were prospectively analyzed and divided into two groups based on the donor nephrectomy approach used: 1) the control group, recipients of open donor nephrectomy (n = 29), and 2) the study group, recipients of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (n = 26). Graft biopsies were obtained at two time points: T-1 = after warm ischemia time and T+1 = 45 minutes after kidney reperfusion. The samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the Bcl-2 and HO-1 proteins and by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, HO-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. RESULTS: The area under the curve for creatinine and delayed graft function were similar in both the laparoscopic and open groups. There was no difference in the protective gene expression between the laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and open donor nephrectomy groups. The protein expression of HO-1 and Bcl-2 were similar between the open and laparoscopic groups. Furthermore, the gene expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 correlated with the warm ischemia time in the open group (p = 0.047) and that of vascular endothelial growth factor with the area under the curve for creatinine in the laparoscopic group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The postoperative renal function and protective factor expression were similar between laparoscopic ...

The impact of pretransplant donor-specific antibodies on graft outcome in renal transplantation: a six-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: The significance of pretransplant, donor-specific antibodies on long-term patient outcomes is a subject of debate. This study evaluated the impact and the presence or absence of donor-specific antibodies after kidney transplantation on short- and long-term graft outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed the frequency and dynamics of pretransplant donor-specific antibodies following renal transplantation from a randomized trial that was conducted from 2002 to 2004 and correlated these findings with patient outcomes through 2009. Transplants were performed against a complement-dependent T- and B-negative crossmatch. Pre- and posttransplant sera were available from 94 of the 118 patients (80%). Antibodies were detected using a solid-phase (Luminex®), single-bead assay, and all tests were performed simultaneously. RESULTS: Sixteen patients exhibited pretransplant donor-specific antibodies, but only 3 of these patients (19%) developed antibody-mediated rejection and 2 of them experienced early graft losses. Excluding these 2 losses, 6 of 14 patients exhibited donor-specific antibodies at the final follow-up exam, whereas 8 of these patients (57%) exhibited complete clearance of the donor-specific antibodies. Five other patients developed ''de novo'' posttransplant donor-specific antibodies. Death-censored graft survival was similar in patients with pretransplant donor-specific and non-donor-specific antibodies after a mean follow-up period of 70 months. CONCLUSION: Pretransplant donor-specific antibodies with a negative complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch are associated with a risk for the development of antibody-mediated rejection, although survival rates are similar when patients transpose the first months after receiving the graft. Our data also suggest that early posttransplant donor-specific antibody monitoring should increase knowledge of antibody dynamics and their impact on long-term graft outcome.

The impact of pretransplant donor-specific antibodies on graft outcome in renal transplantation: a six-year follow-up study

OBJECTIVE: The significance of pretransplant, donor-specific antibodies on long-term patient outcomes is a subject of debate. This study evaluated the impact and the presence or absence of donor-specific antibodies after kidney transplantation on short- and long-term graft outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed the frequency and dynamics of pretransplant donor-specific antibodies following renal transplantation from a randomized trial that was conducted from 2002 to 2004 and correlated these findings with patient outcomes through 2009. Transplants were performed against a complement-dependent T- and B-negative crossmatch. Pre- and posttransplant sera were available from 94 of the 118 patients (80%). Antibodies were detected using a solid-phase (LuminexH), single-bead assay, and all tests were performed simultaneously. RESULTS: Sixteen patients exhibited pretransplant donor-specific antibodies, but only 3 of these patients (19%) developed antibody-mediated rejection and 2 of them experienced early graft losses. Excluding these 2 losses, 6 of 14 patients exhibited donor-specific antibodies at the final follow-up exam, whereas 8 of these patients (57%) exhibited complete clearance of the donor-specific antibodies. Five other patients developed ''de novo'' posttransplant donor-specific antibodies. Death-censored graft survival was similar in patients with pretransplant donor-specific and non-donor-specific antibodies after a mean follow-up period of 70 months. CONCLUSION: Pretransplant donor-specific antibodies with a negative complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch are associated with a risk for the development of antibody-mediated rejection, although survival rates are similar when patients transpose the first months after receiving the graft. Our data also suggest that early posttransplant donor-specific antibody monitoring should increase knowledge of antibody dynamics and their impact on long-term graft outcome.

[Ten-year follow-up of kidney transplantation with living unrelated donor]. / Análise de 10 anos de seguimento de transplantesrenais com doador vivo não aparentado.

INTRODUCTION: In the current era of scarcity of kidneys available for transplantation, and chronic anti-HLA-mediated rejection as a main cause of graft loss, continuous demonstration of the long-term survival of grafts from living unrelated kidney donors (LURD) is paramount. OBJECTIVE: Analyze long-term kidney graft and patient outcomes using LURD, and compare them with living related donors (LRD). METHODS: We analyzed the 389 first renal transplantations performed with a living donor (281 LRD and 108 LURD), in a single center, from January 1998 through December 2007. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between LRD and LURD as refers to patient survival (89.1% vs. 84.7%, p = 0.40, respectively) and graft survival (81.1% vs. 68.9%, p = 0.77, respectively), 10 years post-transplantation. On Cox proportional regression model of multivariate analysis, panel reactive antibodies (PRA) > 10% and the occurrence of acute rejection in the first year posttransplantation were the only independent predictors of graft loss (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.35 -4.78; p < 0.05 and HR 4.1, 95% CI 2.04 - 4.78; p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: LURD are an important source of organs for renal transplantation, with results similar to those obtained with LRD, regardless of HLA matching.

Análise de 10 anos de seguimento de transplantesrenais com doador vivo não aparentado / Ten-year follow-up of kidney transplantation with living unrelated donor

INTRODUÇÃO: No contexto atual da elevada escassez de órgãos para o transplante renal e do reconhecimento cada vez maior da rejeição crônica mediada por anticorpos anti-HLA como uma importante causa de perda do enxerto, uma contínua demonstração da boa evolução a longo prazo de transplantes renais com doadores vivos não aparentados (DVNA) é de suma importância. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a sobrevida do enxerto e dos pacientes transplantados com DVNA, e compará-la com doadores vivos aparentados (DVA). MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 389 primeiros transplantes renais com doador vivo realizados em um único centro, entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2007, 281 com DVA e 108 com DVNA. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa na sobrevida dos pacientes (89,1 por cento vs. 84,7 por cento, p = 0,40) e do enxerto (81,1 por cento vs. 68,9 por cento, p = 0,77), em 10 anos de seguimento, entre DVA e DVNA, respectivamente. Na análise multivariada do modelo de regressão proporcional de Cox, a reatividade contra painel (PRA) > 10 por cento e a ocorrência de rejeição aguda no 1º ano após o transplante foram os únicos preditores independentes de perda do enxerto (OR 2,54, IC 95 por cento 1,35 - 4,78; p < 0,05 e OR 4,1, IC 95 por cento 2,04 -4,78; p < 0,05, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Transplantes renais com DVNA representam uma importante fonte de órgãos para suprir uma crescente demanda, com resultados semelhantes aos transplantes com DVA, independente da compatibilidade HLA.

INTRODUCTION: In the current era of scarcity of kidneys available for transplantation, and chronic anti-HLA-mediated rejection as a main cause of graft loss, continuous demonstration of the long-term survival of grafts from living unrelated kidney donors (LURD) is paramount. OBJECTIVE: Analyze long-term kidney graft and patient outcomes using LURD, and compare them with living related donors (LRD). METHODS: We analyzed the 389 first renal transplantations performed with a living donor (281 LRD and 108 LURD), in a single center, from January 1998 through December 2007. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between LRD and LURD as refers to patient survival (89.1 percent vs. 84.7 percent, p = 0.40, respectively) and graft survival (81.1 percent vs. 68.9 percent, p = 0.77, respectively), 10 years post-transplantation. On Cox proportional regression model of multivariate analysis, panel reactive antibodies (PRA) > 10 percent and the occurrence of acute rejection in the first year posttransplantation were the only independent predictors of graft loss (HR 2.54, 95 percent CI 1.35 -4.78; p < 0.05 and HR 4.1, 95 percent CI 2.04 - 4.78; p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: LURD are an important source of organs for renal transplantation, with results similar to those obtained with LRD, regardless of HLA matching.

Home blood pressure (BP) monitoring in kidney transplant recipients is more adequate to monitor BP than office BP.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is highly prevalent among kidney transplantation recipients and considered as an important cardiovascular risk factor influencing patient survival and kidney graft survival. Aim. Compare the blood pressure (BP) control in kidney transplant patients through the use of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is more comparable with the results of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring compared to the measurement of office blood pressure. METHODS: From March 2008 to April 2009 prospectively were evaluated 183 kidney transplant recipients with time after transplantation between 1 and 10 years. Patients underwent three methods for measuring BP: office blood pressure measurement (oBP), HBPM and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). RESULTS: In total, 183 patients were evaluated, among them 94 were men (54%) and 89 women (46%). The average age was 50 ± 11 years. The average time of transplant was 57 ± 32 months. Ninety-nine patients received grafts from deceased donors (54%) and 84 were recipients of living donors (46%). When assessed using oBP, 56.3% presented with uncontrolled and 43.7% with adequate control of BP with an average of 138.9/82.3 ± 17.8/12.1 mmHg. However, when measured by HBPM, 55.2% of subjects were controlled and 44.8% presented with uncontrolled BP with an average of 131.1/78.5 ± 17.4/8.9 mmHg. Using the ABPM, we observed that 63.9% of subjects were controlled and 36.1% of patients presented uncontrolled BP with an average 128.8/80.5 ± 12.5/8.1 mmHg. We found that the two methods (oBP and HBPM) have a significant agreement, but the HBPM has a higher agreement that oBP, confirmed P = 0.026. We found that there is no symmetry in the data for both methods with McNemar test. The correlation index of Pearson linear methods for the ABPM with the other two methods were 0.494 for office measurement and 0.768 for HBPM, best value of HBPM with ABPM. Comparing the errors of the two methods by paired t-test, we obtained the descriptive level of 0.837. Looking at the receiver operating characteristic curve for BP measurements in each method, we observed that oBP is lower than those obtained by HBPM in relation to ABPM. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the results obtained with HBPM were closer to the ABPM results than those obtained with BP obtained at oBP, being more sensitive to detect poor control of hypertension in renal transplant recipients.

Impact of cyclosporin A pharmacokinetics on the presence of side effects in pediatric renal transplantation.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressant that has many side effects, including hypertrichosis, gingival hyperplasia, and tremor. To evaluate whether there is a relationship between the CsA-pharmacokinetics (PK) and these side effects, their presence and intensity were observed in 46 renal transplanted children/adolescents during two regular visits, and the occurrence of the side effects was correlated with CsA-PK. CsA doses had been unchanged for at least 6 mo. CsA blood concentrations were measured at time 0, and 1, 2, and 4 h after the CsA morning dose. An abbreviated area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using C0, C2, and C4. Hypertrichosis positively correlated with C2, C4, Cmax, and AUC. An AUC > or = 4158 ng/ml per h was the best predictor for the presence of hypertrichosis. Tremor was also positively correlated with C2, Cmax, and AUC. A Cmax > or = 878 ng/ml was the best predictor for the appearance of tremor. These values of Cmax and AUC are within the therapeutic range of CsA as demonstrated by the studies of calcineurin inhibition by CsA. Gingival hyperplasia was not associated with any of the CsA-PK studied parameters. However, it was associated with the concomitant use of nifedipine. These data show that there is a correlation between the CsA side effects and its pharmacokinetics and that it is possible to decrease the incidence and intensity of such side effects by monitoring the CsA-PK parameters, providing they are under or at the proposed cutoff levels. Nifedipine should also be avoided to reduce the presence of gingival hyperplasia.